Pengelolaan Transportasi pada Masa Jawa Kuno: Kajian Arkeologi dan Epigrafi

Abstract

Ancient Javanese people were usual with local, regional and global trade activities, at least this is reflected in the contents of their inscriptions. To support trade activities, regular transportation management is needed. Transportation management is reflected in the availability of diversity of means of transportation and the people who use them as well as the clarity of the transportation network and the pattern of technological development of means of transportation in the classical period (the 8th to the 15th centuries).The method applied is 3 stages, data collection, analysis and interpretation. From the data on the reliefs on the temple walls and the contents of the inscriptions, it can be concluded that, firstly, the pattern of emporia trade in the 10th century in Europe and Asia encouraged the development of shipbuilding technology, secondly, the movement of the center of the Mataram kingdom from Central Java to Eastern Java was due to, among other things, anticipating the emporia trade which had an impact on the development of the kingdom's economy, thirdly, the emergence of government officials in charge of land and water transportation.

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Masyarakat Jawa Kuno telah mengenal kegiatan perdagangan baik yang bersifat lokal, regional dan global, setidaknya hal tersebut telah tergambar dari isi prasasti-prasastinya. Untuk mendukung kegiatan perdagangan diperlukan pengelolaan transportasi yang teratur. Pengelolaan transportasi tergambar dari tersedianya keberagaman alat transportasi dan masyarakat penggunanya serta kejelasan jaringan transportasi  dan pola perkembangan teknologi alat transportasi pada masa klasik yaitu dari abad ke-8 sampai 15. Metode yang diterapkan adalah 3 tahap, pengumpulan data, analisis dan interpretasi. Dari data relief pada dinding candi dan isi prasasti disimpulkan, pertama, pola perdagangan emporia pada abad ke-10 di wilayah Eropa, Asia mendorong perkembangan teknologi pembuatan kapal, kedua, perpindahan pusat kerajaan Mataram dari Jawa bagian Tengah ke Jawa bagian Timur disebabkan salah satunya mengantisipasi perdagangan emporia yang membawa dampak perkembangan perekonomian kerajaan, ketiga, munculnya pejabat-pejabat pemerintahan yang mengurusi transportasi darat dan air.